GNSS Anti-Jam Techniques

 

1. ±è±âÀ±(2013): Ç×Àç¹Ö ±â¼ú

- ÃøÀ§½ÅÈ£·¹º§: -130dBm

- °£¼·(Àç¹Ö) ½ÅÈ£ ºÐ·ù:

* ÀǵµÀû, ºñÀǵµÀû

* Çù´ë¿ª(´ÜÀÏÁÖÆļö Çù´ë¿ª swept jamming, ´ÙÁßÁÖÆļö Çù´ë¿ª), ±¤´ë¿ª

- J/S

¤· Ç×Àç¹Ö ±â¼ú

1) Pre-correlation method

- ÀûÀÀ¹è¿­

-

2) Post-correlation method

- Code/carrier tracking technique

- Minimization of pre-detection bandwidth aided by INS (with velocity information of GPS receiver)

- Tracking jamming signal and removal by using GPS data

3) ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ç×Àç¹Ö ±â¼úÀÇ º¹ÇÕÀû »ç¿ë

 

¤· ±¹³»¿Ü ¿¬±¸µ¿Çâ

1) ±¹³»

- ±¹¹æ°úÇבּ¸¼Ò, ´ëÇבּ¸½Ç, ¹æÀ§»ê¾÷ü(»ï¼ºÅ»·¹½º, LIG³Ø½º¿ø, ´Ü¾Ð½Ã½ºÅÛÁî)

- À§¼ºÇ×¹ý ¼ö½Å±â °³¹ß¾÷ü

- GBNS(Ground-Based Navigation System)

ÀÇ»çÀ§¼º(pseudo-satellite) sysem. ³ôÀº ÁöÇüÀ̳ª °øÁß¿¡ ÀÇ»çÀ§¼º ½ÅÈ£¼ÛÃâ °íÃâ·Â ¼Û½ÅÁö »ç¿ë. 2011.2¿ùºÎÅÍ ±¹°ú¿¬ÁÖ°ü °³¹ß Áß. ´ëÅë·É Ư¸í»ç¾÷ÀÎ '¹ø°³»ç¾÷'¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔ. Àû¿ë¹üÀ§ ¼ö½Ê km. Á¤È®µµ À§¼ºÇ×¹ýº¸´Ù ¶³¾îÁü. À¯»ç½Ã ÀûÀÇ Å¸°Ý ¿ëÀÌ.

- P(Y) ÄÚµå »ç¿ë: 2011.9 ¹Ì±¹¿¡ GPS ±º¿ëĨ ÆǸŠ¿äû. T-50ÈƷñâ, ¼ö¸®¿Â Ç︮ÄßÅÍ¿¡ Àû¿ë

- ¾Æ¼¾ÄÚ¸®¾Æ

2012³â GPS/GLONASS/Galileo µ¿½Ã ¼ö½Å Ĩ AKMG6 °³¹ß. ºÒ·çÅõ½º, WiFi °£¼·À¸·ÎºÎ ¼º´ÉÀúÇϸ¦ ¹æÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÚ RF³»¼º º¸À¯.

2013.7 GPS/Galileo/GLONASS/QZSS µ¿½Ã ¼ö½Å¸ðµâ G3 °³¹ß(11x13mm)

GPS/GLONASS µ¿½Ã ¼ö½Å½Ã µ¿½Ã¼ö½Å À§¼º¼ö Æò±Õ 7.8°³

GPS¸¸ ¼ö½Å½Ã À§¼º¼ö Æò±Õ 4.4°³

- Çѱ¹Ç×°ø¿ìÁÖ¿¬±¸¿ø

'ÀüÆÄ À§Çù¿ø À§Ä¡ÃßÀû½Ã½ºÅÛ': 2013.8. °øÇ×ÁÖº¯¿¡ 4´ëÀÇ Á¤¹ÐÇÑ GPS ¾ÈÅ׳ª ¼³Ä¡. °øÇ×ÁÖº¯¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â Àç¹Ö ½ÅÈ£¿øÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ŽÁö(µµ´Þ½Ã°£Â÷¿Í °¢µµ). Á¤È®µµ 50m @ 10km, 100m @ 20km

- Çѱ¹ÀüÀÚÅë½Å¿¬±¸¿ø À§¼ºÇ×¹ýÆÀ

À§¼ºÇ×¹ý Áö»ó±¹¿¡¼­ À§¼ºÇ×¹ý½ÅÈ£ÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀ» ÆľÇÇÏ¿© ¿Ö°î, ÀüÆÄ°£¼· µî ÀÌ»ó À¯¹«¸¦ °ËÃâÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¹èÆ÷ÇÏ¿© È°¿ëÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ °³¹ß

2) ±¹¿Ü

*Raytheon

- DAR(Digital Anti-jam Receiver): 7-element CRPA, frequency space time adaptive processing. F-35¿¡ Àû¿ë.

- AGR(Anti-jam GPS Receiver): AGR-4. high quality pseudorange/delta pseudorange value Á¦°ø. LOS À§¼º 8°³±îÁö ÃßÀû. ÀÔº£µðµå SW±â¹Ý SAASM Àû¿ë.

* Thales

- TopShield: Ç×°ø±â¿ë. 4-element CRPA, DAE(digital antenna electronics). full digital space time adaptive processing. J/S 90dB. CW, FMCW, pulsed narrowband, broadband Àç¹Ö½ÅÈ£ ¾ï¾Ð. Galileo Æ÷ÇÔ ¸ðµç À§¼ºÇ×¹ý ½ÅÈ£ Ç×Àç¹Ö ´É·Â. 230x160x45mm, 2.4kg, 3.5" ¾ÈÅ׳ª ¹è¿­

* Rockwell Collins

- DIGAR(digital integrated GPS anti-jam receiver): ¹Ì±¹ÇرºÀÇ JPALS(Joint Precision Approach and Landing System) ¿ä±¸»çÇ× ¸¸Á·. CRPA Àû¿ë À§¼º¹æÇâ °­·ÂÇÑ digital beamforming ±¸Çö. 24-ch SAASM. 16-ch L1/L2 beam forming. 20MHz bandwidth jammerÀÇ °æ¿ì 5°³ ÃßÀû 85dB, 3°³ ÃßÀû 100dB. 203x58x305mm, 5kg

* Mayflower Communications

- RFI Á¦°Å±â¼ú ƯÇ㺸À¯: adaptive temporal filter, adaptive spatial filter, adaptive-spatial temporal filter, self-interference canceller

- SAS(Small Antenna System): 5-ch L1/L2 anti-jam, BAE Systems¿¡ ³³Ç°. 152x114x76mm, 1.13kg, 3.5" CRPA, J/S 90dB

* Novatel

- GAJT(GPS Anti-Jam Technology): 'Gadget'. ¿µ±¹ÀÇ QinetiQ»ç¿Í °øµ¿°³¹ß. Á÷°æ 290mm. Áö»óÀ̵¿Ã¼¿ë. CRPA¿Í °°Àº º¹ÀâÇÑ ±â¼ú ¹Ì»ç¿ë. 6-ch L1/L2 anti-jam protection

 

 

2) ±¹¿Ü

* ¹Ì±¹

- ION(Institute of Navigation)

- PLANS(Posotion Location and Navigation Symposium)

- DoD, Air Force

 

 

¤· ¾ÈÅ׳ª ±â¼ú

- Adaptive array:

1) Beam steered array: ÷¿¹ÇÑ ºöÀ» °í¼Ó½ºÄµÇÏ¿© À§¼º½ÅÈ£ ¼ö½Å, ¾ÈÅ׳ª Å©±â ´ë

2) Null-steered array: controlled reception pattern array (CRPA), °£¼·¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ¾ÈÅ׳ª ¿µÁ¡ Çü¼º. ¾ÈÅ׳ª À̵æ ÆÐÅÏÀº ¹Ý±¸Çü, ¾ÈÅ׳ª ¼ÒÀÚ°¡ N°³ÀÏ °æ¿ì N-1°³ÀÇ ¿µÁ¡ »ý¼º°¡´É

¤· Front-end filtering:

- ÀÎÁ¢´ë¿ª¿¡¼­ À¯ÀԵǴ °£¼·½ÅÈ£ ¾ïÁ¦

 

¤· AGC

- Mode transition based on the presence of jamming signals: between acquisition and tracking

- Jammer to noise power level measurement

 

¤· Digtial anti-jam processing

- Digitize IF signal for adaptive array beamforming

- Spatial nulling

- Spatial time adaptive processing

- Spatial freqeuncy adaptive processing

- Amplitude domain processing

- Anti-jam capability dependent on the pre-detection bandwidth

- All digital implementation

 

2. Á¤ÅÂÈñ

- Sample Matrix Inversion Method

- Anti-jam 񃬣

 

Receiver RFI susceptibility thresholds

In-band CW signal interference

Over-driven with out-of-band signal

GPS L1 1575.42MHz, C/A spreading code with a chip rate of 1.023Mbps, unique code from a family of 1023 Gold codes, 50bps navigation message, BPSK with modulo-two addition of the C/A code and navigation message data

GPS L2 1227.60MHz, 10.23Mbps

 

[GPS Basics]

- Atomic clock on SV: 10-13 stability

- SV orbit: inclined 55 deg from equatoral plane

- Chip length

- Modulo-2 sum

- BPSK

- Pseudorange

- Carrier phase

- Solution to the pseudorange equation: recursive estimation such as a Kalman filter

 

- Spread Spectrum Jamming Margin Mj

Threshold: starting point of deterioration

LAS: loss of all satellites

 

* Zhong

- Tracking loop threshold

- Tracking jitter

- Digital receiver: digitized at IF

- DSP: correlation, baseband tracking

- Code tracking loop

- Carrier tracking loop

1) J/N meter: RFI detection, IF signal level compared with preset value. Gain in AGC indicates J/N

2) Front-end filtering

- To reject out-of-band RFI

- 2MHz bandwidth pre-filter

- Post-downconverter filter

3) Code/carrier tracking loop

- Implemented in DSP

- Narrowing code and carrier tracking loop filter bandwidth

- Also reduces the line-of-sight dynamics (Doppler frequency shift due to receiver motion)

4) Temporal filtering

- DFT of IF signal

- Removal of RFI in spectral domain and inverse DFT

5) Antenna technique

- CRPA(controlled reception pattern antenna): N-element array antenna

- CRPA electronics

- Detection of RFI

- N-1 nulls to RFI direction

- Depth of nulls limited the number of simultaneous nulls

 

L : implementation and ADC loss

Pr = -160dBW(L1 C/A): In reality -125 to -135dBm (+5dBic to -5dBic antenna gain)

Gr = 0dB

Nf = 4dB

L = 2dB

C/N0 = 38.4dB

C/N0 = 17dB for code tracking loop threshold

C/N0 = 25dB for carrier tacking loop PLL threshled

 

Thermal noise: -174dBm/Hz

Position fix = -142dBm min. C/N0 = 26dB min. (30 to 32dB, in other estimates)

Tracking = -160dBm min. C/N0 = 12dB min.

 

Sensitivity = -174dBm/Hz + C/N0 + NF

 

Q: spreadspectrum gain adjustment factor (1: NB, 2: WB)

fc: GPS PRN code chipping rate (chips/s) (1.023¡¿106)

 

Code tracking:

Carrier tracking:

 

http://www.gpsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/figure1_chart.jpg

- CRPA by Satimo

Bands: E5a, E5b, L2, E6, L1

Microstrip multilayer technology

Element size: 9-cm dia, 2-cm radome height

Element space: 0.7¥ë at L1

Antenna diameter: 36.5cm

Antenna gain: 3.5-29.8dBi

http://www.gpsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/fig2.jpg http://www.gpsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Fig4right.jpg

http://www.gpsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Fig5.jpg

http://www.gpsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Fig3left.jpg

http://www.gpsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Fig3right.jpg

- Adaptive space-time processor with 3-taps per antenna