GNSS Anti-Jam Techniques
1. ±è±âÀ±(2013): Ç×Àç¹Ö ±â¼ú
- ÃøÀ§½ÅÈ£·¹º§: -130dBm
- °£¼·(Àç¹Ö) ½ÅÈ£ ºÐ·ù:
* ÀǵµÀû, ºñÀǵµÀû
* Çù´ë¿ª(´ÜÀÏÁÖÆļö Çù´ë¿ª swept jamming, ´ÙÁßÁÖÆļö Çù´ë¿ª), ±¤´ë¿ª
- J/S
¤· Ç×Àç¹Ö ±â¼ú
1) Pre-correlation method
- ÀûÀÀ¹è¿
-
2) Post-correlation method
- Code/carrier tracking
technique
- Minimization of
pre-detection bandwidth aided by INS (with velocity information of GPS
receiver)
- Tracking jamming signal
and removal by using GPS data
3) ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ç×Àç¹Ö ±â¼úÀÇ º¹ÇÕÀû »ç¿ë
¤· ±¹³»¿Ü ¿¬±¸µ¿Çâ
1) ±¹³»
- ±¹¹æ°úÇבּ¸¼Ò, ´ëÇבּ¸½Ç, ¹æÀ§»ê¾÷ü(»ï¼ºÅ»·¹½º, LIG³Ø½º¿ø, ´Ü¾Ð½Ã½ºÅÛÁî)
- À§¼ºÇ×¹ý ¼ö½Å±â °³¹ß¾÷ü
- GBNS(Ground-Based
Navigation System)
ÀÇ»çÀ§¼º(pseudo-satellite) sysem. ³ôÀº ÁöÇüÀ̳ª °øÁß¿¡ ÀÇ»çÀ§¼º ½ÅÈ£¼ÛÃâ °íÃâ·Â ¼Û½ÅÁö »ç¿ë. 2011.2¿ùºÎÅÍ ±¹°ú¿¬ÁÖ°ü °³¹ß Áß. ´ëÅë·É Ư¸í»ç¾÷ÀÎ '¹ø°³»ç¾÷'¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔ. Àû¿ë¹üÀ§ ¼ö½Ê km. Á¤È®µµ À§¼ºÇ×¹ýº¸´Ù ¶³¾îÁü. À¯»ç½Ã ÀûÀÇ Å¸°Ý ¿ëÀÌ.
- P(Y) ÄÚµå »ç¿ë: 2011.9 ¹Ì±¹¿¡ GPS ±º¿ëĨ ÆǸŠ¿äû. T-50ÈƷñâ, ¼ö¸®¿Â Ç︮ÄßÅÍ¿¡ Àû¿ë
- ¾Æ¼¾ÄÚ¸®¾Æ
2012³â
GPS/GLONASS/Galileo µ¿½Ã ¼ö½Å Ĩ AKMG6 °³¹ß. ºÒ·çÅõ½º, WiFi °£¼·À¸·ÎºÎ ¼º´ÉÀúÇϸ¦ ¹æÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÚ RF³»¼º º¸À¯.
2013.7
GPS/Galileo/GLONASS/QZSS µ¿½Ã ¼ö½Å¸ðµâ G3 °³¹ß(11x13mm)
GPS/GLONASS µ¿½Ã ¼ö½Å½Ã µ¿½Ã¼ö½Å À§¼º¼ö Æò±Õ 7.8°³
GPS¸¸ ¼ö½Å½Ã À§¼º¼ö Æò±Õ 4.4°³
- Çѱ¹Ç×°ø¿ìÁÖ¿¬±¸¿ø
'ÀüÆÄ À§Çù¿ø À§Ä¡ÃßÀû½Ã½ºÅÛ': 2013.8. °øÇ×ÁÖº¯¿¡ 4´ëÀÇ Á¤¹ÐÇÑ GPS ¾ÈÅ׳ª ¼³Ä¡. °øÇ×ÁÖº¯¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â Àç¹Ö ½ÅÈ£¿øÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ŽÁö(µµ´Þ½Ã°£Â÷¿Í °¢µµ). Á¤È®µµ 50m @ 10km, 100m @ 20km
- Çѱ¹ÀüÀÚÅë½Å¿¬±¸¿ø À§¼ºÇ×¹ýÆÀ
À§¼ºÇ×¹ý Áö»ó±¹¿¡¼ À§¼ºÇ×¹ý½ÅÈ£ÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀ» ÆľÇÇÏ¿© ¿Ö°î, ÀüÆÄ°£¼· µî ÀÌ»ó À¯¹«¸¦ °ËÃâÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¹èÆ÷ÇÏ¿© È°¿ëÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ °³¹ß
2) ±¹¿Ü
*Raytheon
- DAR(Digital Anti-jam
Receiver): 7-element CRPA, frequency space time adaptive processing. F-35¿¡ Àû¿ë.
- AGR(Anti-jam GPS
Receiver): AGR-4. high quality pseudorange/delta pseudorange value Á¦°ø. LOS À§¼º 8°³±îÁö ÃßÀû. ÀÔº£µðµå SW±â¹Ý SAASM Àû¿ë.
* Thales
- TopShield: Ç×°ø±â¿ë. 4-element CRPA, DAE(digital antenna electronics). full digital space time
adaptive processing. J/S 90dB. CW, FMCW, pulsed narrowband, broadband Àç¹Ö½ÅÈ£ ¾ï¾Ð. Galileo Æ÷ÇÔ ¸ðµç À§¼ºÇ×¹ý ½ÅÈ£ Ç×Àç¹Ö ´É·Â. 230x160x45mm, 2.4kg, 3.5" ¾ÈÅ׳ª ¹è¿
* Rockwell Collins
- DIGAR(digital
integrated GPS anti-jam receiver): ¹Ì±¹ÇرºÀÇ JPALS(Joint Precision Approach and Landing System)
¿ä±¸»çÇ× ¸¸Á·. CRPA Àû¿ë À§¼º¹æÇâ °·ÂÇÑ digital beamforming ±¸Çö. 24-ch SAASM. 16-ch L1/L2 beam forming. 20MHz bandwidth
jammerÀÇ °æ¿ì 5°³ ÃßÀû 85dB, 3°³ ÃßÀû 100dB. 203x58x305mm, 5kg
* Mayflower
Communications
- RFI Á¦°Å±â¼ú ƯÇ㺸À¯: adaptive temporal filter, adaptive spatial filter, adaptive-spatial
temporal filter, self-interference canceller
- SAS(Small Antenna
System): 5-ch L1/L2 anti-jam, BAE Systems¿¡ ³³Ç°. 152x114x76mm, 1.13kg, 3.5" CRPA, J/S 90dB
* Novatel
- GAJT(GPS Anti-Jam
Technology): 'Gadget'. ¿µ±¹ÀÇ QinetiQ»ç¿Í °øµ¿°³¹ß. Á÷°æ 290mm. Áö»óÀ̵¿Ã¼¿ë. CRPA¿Í °°Àº º¹ÀâÇÑ ±â¼ú ¹Ì»ç¿ë. 6-ch L1/L2 anti-jam protection
2) ±¹¿Ü
* ¹Ì±¹
- ION(Institute of
Navigation)
- PLANS(Posotion Location
and Navigation Symposium)
- DoD, Air Force
¤· ¾ÈÅ׳ª ±â¼ú
- Adaptive array:
1) Beam steered array: ÷¿¹ÇÑ ºöÀ» °í¼Ó½ºÄµÇÏ¿© À§¼º½ÅÈ£ ¼ö½Å, ¾ÈÅ׳ª Å©±â ´ë
2) Null-steered array:
controlled reception pattern array (CRPA), °£¼·¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ¾ÈÅ׳ª ¿µÁ¡ Çü¼º. ¾ÈÅ׳ª À̵æ ÆÐÅÏÀº ¹Ý±¸Çü, ¾ÈÅ׳ª ¼ÒÀÚ°¡ N°³ÀÏ °æ¿ì N-1°³ÀÇ ¿µÁ¡ »ý¼º°¡´É
¤· Front-end filtering:
- ÀÎÁ¢´ë¿ª¿¡¼ À¯ÀԵǴ °£¼·½ÅÈ£ ¾ïÁ¦
¤· AGC
- Mode transition based on
the presence of jamming signals: between acquisition and tracking
- Jammer to noise power
level measurement
¤· Digtial anti-jam processing
- Digitize IF signal for
adaptive array beamforming
- Spatial nulling
- Spatial time adaptive
processing
- Spatial freqeuncy
adaptive processing
- Amplitude domain
processing
- Anti-jam capability
dependent on the pre-detection bandwidth
- All digital
implementation
2. Á¤ÅÂÈñ
- Sample Matrix Inversion
Method
- Anti-jam 񃬣
Receiver RFI
susceptibility thresholds
In-band CW signal
interference
Over-driven with out-of-band
signal
GPS L1 1575.42MHz, C/A
spreading code with a chip rate of 1.023Mbps, unique code from a family of 1023
Gold codes, 50bps navigation message, BPSK with modulo-two addition of the C/A
code and navigation message data
GPS L2 1227.60MHz,
10.23Mbps
[GPS Basics]
- Atomic clock on SV: 10-13
stability
- SV orbit: inclined 55
deg from equatoral plane
- Chip length
- Modulo-2 sum
- BPSK
- Pseudorange
- Carrier phase
- Solution to the
pseudorange equation: recursive estimation such as a Kalman filter
- Spread Spectrum Jamming
Margin Mj
Threshold: starting point
of deterioration
LAS: loss of all
satellites
* Zhong
- Tracking loop threshold
- Tracking jitter
- Digital receiver:
digitized at IF
- DSP: correlation,
baseband tracking
- Code tracking loop
- Carrier tracking loop
1) J/N meter: RFI
detection, IF signal level compared with preset value. Gain in AGC indicates
J/N
2) Front-end filtering
- To reject out-of-band
RFI
- 2MHz bandwidth
pre-filter
- Post-downconverter
filter
3) Code/carrier tracking
loop
- Implemented in DSP
- Narrowing code and
carrier tracking loop filter bandwidth
- Also reduces the
line-of-sight dynamics (Doppler frequency shift due to receiver motion)
4) Temporal filtering
- DFT of IF signal
- Removal of RFI in
spectral domain and inverse DFT
5) Antenna technique
- CRPA(controlled
reception pattern antenna): N-element array antenna
- CRPA electronics
- Detection of RFI
- N-1 nulls to RFI direction
- Depth of nulls limited
the number of simultaneous nulls
L :
implementation and ADC loss
Pr = -160dBW(L1 C/A): In reality -125 to -135dBm (+5dBic to -5dBic antenna
gain)
Gr = 0dB
Nf = 4dB
L = 2dB
C/N0 = 38.4dB
C/N0 = 17dB for code tracking
loop threshold
C/N0 = 25dB for carrier tacking
loop PLL threshled
Thermal noise: -174dBm/Hz
Position fix = -142dBm
min. C/N0 = 26dB min. (30 to 32dB, in other estimates)
Tracking = -160dBm min. C/N0
= 12dB min.
Sensitivity = -174dBm/Hz
+ C/N0 + NF
Q:
spreadspectrum gain adjustment factor (1: NB, 2: WB)
fc: GPS PRN code chipping rate (chips/s) (1.023¡¿106)
Code tracking:
Carrier tracking:
- CRPA by Satimo
Bands: E5a, E5b, L2, E6,
L1
Microstrip multilayer
technology
Element size: 9-cm dia,
2-cm radome height
Element space: 0.7¥ë at L1
Antenna diameter: 36.5cm
Antenna gain: 3.5-29.8dBi
- Adaptive space-time
processor with 3-taps per antenna